Defectology, Disability, and Scientific Change: A Historical-thematic Overview of Special Education and Rehabilitation in Serbia (1918–2000)

Milićević, Milena (2025) Defectology, Disability, and Scientific Change: A Historical-thematic Overview of Special Education and Rehabilitation in Serbia (1918–2000). Zbornik Instituta za kriminološka i sociološka istraživanja, 44 (3). pp. 81-103. ISSN 3104-3364

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Abstract

This article examines the historical evolution of defectology, now recognised as special education and rehabilitation, over the past century. Through conventional content analysis of historical documents, academic literature, and research publications, the study identifies key milestones and contextual shifts in the development of this scientific and professional field. Particular attention is given to the transition from a deficit-oriented medical model to a biopsychosocial framework, which is represented by the adoption of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) in 2001. The analysis also considers changes in terminology and research focus. The findings suggest that, although the field has made significant progress, it continues to face numerous challenges. These include conceptual ambiguities, fragmentation between educational and rehabilitation approaches, and the need for stronger integration into contemporary scientific and policy frameworks. The study concludes by emphasising the importance of understanding the historical trajectory of special education and rehabilitation in order to promote more inclusive and responsive practices today.

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